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October 29, 2026
The big toe provides one of the most important functions of our entire body when it comes to movement. In fact, the it carries the most weight of all the toes, bearing about 40 percent of our body weight. The big toe is also the last part of the foot to push off the ground before taking the next step.
With our reliance on our big toe comes two common foot conditions: hallux limitus and hallux rigidus. These two conditions are the medical terms for big toe arthritis. Specifically, they can be translated into the following from Latin: hallux = big toe; limitus = limitation; rigidus = rigid/stiff.
Big toe arthritis can be quite painful both because of the toe's weight-bearing responsibilities and the fact that we as humans are constantly on our feet. One giveaway sign of hallux rigidus is the presence of a bone spur on the top of the foot.
In this article, we break down the differences between the two halluxes, signs and symptoms, as well as non-surgical and surgical treatments.
Hallux Limitus: What Is It?
Let's start with hallux limitus since it's the earlier stage of hallux rigidus.
Hallux limitus is a condition in which the joint connecting your big toe to your foot (the first metatarsophalangeal joint - commonly called the first MTP joint) is inflamed, sore, and stiff. This condition is a form of degenerative arthritis (wear-and-tear of the cartilage within the joint) that occurs in the joint.
There are a few reasons why and how this condition develops:
Fallen arches: Fallen arches put excessive pressure on the big toe joint.
Excessive pronation: Excessive pronation puts excessive pressure on the big toe joint.
Overuse: Activities like running, doing lunges, or any excessive pressure to the toe joint can over time break down the joint.
Acute injury: stubbing or jamming your toe can damage the joint, and can worsen if you don't allow it adequate time to recover.
Hallux Rigidus: What Is It?
Hallux rigidus involves more progressive damage to the first metatarsophalangeal joint. This condition comes after hallux limitus. It means your joint has less range of motion, the cartilage is worn down, and there is likely the presence of osteophytes, also known as a bone spur. An osteophyte is a bony lump that grows around the joints.
In fact, hallux rigidus is the most common degenerative disorder of the foot.
So, what's the difference? Hallux rigidus is defined as pain due to an arthritic joint, whereas hallux limitus is defined as functional pain due to soft tissue tightness (i.e., when calf tightness limits the motion of the ankle joint) or a long and elevated first metatarsal bone (the bone behind the big toe).
These are the early signs and symptoms of hallux rigidus:
Pain and stiffness in the big toe during physical activity (walking, running, etc.).
Pain and stiffness aggravated by cold, damp weather.
Difficulty with certain activities (running, squatting).
Swelling and inflammation around the joint.
Loss of range of motion.
Depending on the severity of arthritis, the joint damage can be measured by the approximate range of motion of the big toe joint. Here is a breakdown:
Grade 0: 40° to 60° range of motion and/or 10% to 20% loss of range of motion.
Grade 1: 30° to 40° range of motion and/or 20% to 50% loss of range of motion.
Grade 2: 10° to 30° range of motion and/or 50% to 75% loss of range of motion.
Grade 3: ≤ 10° range of motion and/or 75% to 100% loss of range of motion.
Grade 4: Same as in grade 3 with more pain.
Does Hallux Rigidus Go Away?
Hallux rigidus is a progressive condition. It doesn't go away. However, there are a number of steps you can take (literally) to slow down the worsening of this toe condition. Treatment includes altering your footwear for shoes with firm supportive footbeds or rocker soles, avoiding activity that puts pressure on your big toe joint, and avoiding walking barefoot.
Is Walking Good For Hallux Rigidus?
Walking with the proper precautions and equipment should be OK with hallux rigidus. Walking in some cases, like with hallux limitus, can actually increase the range of motion. With hallux rigidus, the aim shouldn't be to increase range of motion but to reduce dorsiflexion (the action of raising your foot your toes upward). In this case, walking uphill can be painful. Walking barefoot can also be painful as there's nothing to protect the joint.
Do Orthotics Help Hallux Limitus and Hallux Rigidus?
Custom foot orthotics can provide multiple benefits for big toe arthritis. For hallux limitus, the goal of orthotics is to improve the range of motion within the first MTP joint. Conversely, for those with hallux rigidus, the goal of orthotics is to restrict the range of motion. Therefore, different orthotics are designed for different use cases and the severity of arthritis. As those with fallen arches or excessive pronation are particularly susceptible to developing hallux rigidus, custom orthotics to correct these biomechanical abnormalities can also help.
One such approach is using Morton's extension or a reverse Morton's extension on a supportive orthotic. This approach utilizes a stiff orthotic material that extends under the big toe from the base to the tip. The goal here is to shift weight off of the weight-bearing joint of the big toe.
Additional measures beyond orthotics include shoe modifications. Shoes should be sufficiently long, comfortable, with a high and broad toe box, and should have enough space for the orthotic device. Additionally, shoes with a full-length carbon plate or built-in rocker sole can reduce pressure on the big toe, and should be explored as an option.
How Successful is Surgery For Hallux Limitus and Hallux Rigidus?
There are two primary surgical procedures to treat big toe arthritis: a cheilectomy and a first MTP joint fusion. A newer surgical procedure is emerging as well, in which an artificial joint (Cartiva) is inserted to replace the damaged joint. Orthopedic surgeons perform these operations. In general, non-surgical procedures should be explored and exhausted before proceeding to surgery. But, in some advanced cases, patients can greatly benefit.
Cheilectomy
A cheilectomy is a surgical procedure to remove excess bone from the joint of your big toe. It's used for mild-to-moderate cases of hallux rigidus. The intention is to decompress the joint area by removing the excess volume of bone. The most common form of a cheilectomy is to create a keyhole incision at the top of the foot, where a tool is inserted to remove the bone spur. This procedure is typically done under local and general anesthesia. Although the range of motion won't necessarily be improved, the removal of the bump can help reduce pain and discomfort.
The procedure typically takes less than 30 minutes and patients can be in and out of the surgical facility within 2-3 hours. Initial recovery includes two weeks in a soft cast and wearing an orthopedic sandal with light weight-bearing activity. The cast and stitches are removed roughly two weeks post-op. Long-term recovery includes returning to activity within 4-6 weeks although swelling and pain can resume for up to six months.
First MTP joint fusion
In a first MTP joint fusion, the bones are joined (fused) together permanently so they cannot rub against each other and cause pain. This operation is typically performed for moderate-to-serious cases of hallux rigidus when osteoarthritis has severely damaged the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint.
Similar to a cheilectomy, an incision is made on the top of the big toe, and cartilage is cleared away to allow the two bones to heal together. For this operation, the two bones are fused together using screws and/or plates. This permanent procedure reduces all range of motion but eliminates the pain-causing joint.
Post-op, you'll be examined at the two-week, six-week, three-month, and six-month intervals. X-rays may be taken as well to assess the growth of the fused bones. You can expect recovery to last up to six months.
October 15, 2026
Osteoarthritis can affect the joints of the feet and ankles, causing pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced mobility. Because your feet contain many small joints that work together when you stand and walk, arthritis in one area can also change how the foot moves and bears weight.
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, maintaining mobility and helping you stay active. Depending on your symptoms, this may include exercise, footwear changes, activity modification, rehabilitation, pressure relief and, for some people, custom orthotics.
At Feet First Clinic, a foot assessment can help identify what may be contributing to your symptoms and determine which treatment options may be appropriate.
Key Takeaways
Osteoarthritis can affect the big toe, midfoot and ankle.
Common symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced joint movement.
Arthritis can change how your foot moves and distributes pressure when you walk.
Treatment may include exercise, footwear changes, activity modification, rehabilitation and pressure relief.
Custom orthotics may help some people by redistributing pressure or supporting foot mechanics, but they are not appropriate or necessary for everyone.
A foot assessment can help identify the source of your symptoms and guide treatment.
What Is Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition involving changes within and around a joint. It is sometimes described as "wear and tear," but that description is overly simplistic.
A joint contains several structures that work together, including cartilage, bone, ligaments, the joint capsule, and surrounding tissues. With osteoarthritis, the joint can undergo structural and inflammatory changes that contribute to pain, stiffness, and reduced function.
Osteoarthritis can affect many joints, including:
The big toe joint
The smaller toe joints
The joints in the middle of the foot
The ankle
The joints between the heel and midfoot
Other joints throughout the lower limb
Osteoarthritis does not look the same in everyone. Some people have significant changes visible on imaging but relatively little pain, while others can experience considerable pain and functional limitations.
This is one reason that treatment should be based on the person's symptoms, examination, activity level, and functional goals—not simply an X-ray.
How Does Osteoarthritis Affect the Feet?
The feet contain numerous joints that allow them to adapt to the ground, absorb forces, and help propel the body forward.
When osteoarthritis affects one of these joints, normal movement can become painful or restricted.
For example, if the big toe joint becomes stiff, the toe may have difficulty bending upward during the push-off phase of walking. The body may then compensate by changing how the foot, ankle, knee, or hip moves.
Similarly, arthritis in the midfoot can make it uncomfortable for the foot to adapt to uneven surfaces or tolerate prolonged standing and walking.
Figure 1: How Foot Osteoarthritis Can Affect Walking
Osteoarthritis in one foot joint can affect how the foot moves and loads during walking. The resulting changes vary from person to person and do not necessarily mean that arthritis is progressing throughout the foot.
Where Does Osteoarthritis Commonly Occur in the Foot?
1. Big Toe Joint
Osteoarthritis of the big toe joint is often called first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis.
It may also be associated with a condition called hallux rigidus, which refers to reduced movement and stiffness of the big toe joint.
Common symptoms include:
Pain at the base of the big toe
Stiffness
Difficulty bending the toe upward
A bump or enlargement around the joint
Pain when pushing off while walking
Difficulty wearing certain shoes
Pain during activities that require the toe to bend
A stiff big toe can change the way a person rolls through the foot during walking.
2. Midfoot
The midfoot contains several joints that help the foot adapt to different surfaces and distribute forces.
Midfoot osteoarthritis may cause:
Aching across the top or middle of the foot
Stiffness after periods of inactivity
Pain during prolonged standing or walking
Swelling around affected joints
Difficulty wearing shoes that put pressure across the top of the foot
A change in the shape of the foot over time
Some people develop a bony prominence across the top of the foot that can become irritated by footwear.
3. Ankle
Osteoarthritis can also affect the ankle joint.
Ankle arthritis may cause:
Pain with walking
Morning or activity-related stiffness
Reduced ankle movement
Swelling
Difficulty walking on uneven surfaces
Difficulty with stairs
Changes in walking mechanics
Ankle osteoarthritis can have different causes, including previous ankle injuries or fractures.
What Does Foot Osteoarthritis Feel Like?
The symptoms of osteoarthritis vary depending on which joint is affected and how much it is being loaded.
Common symptoms include:
Pain
Pain may occur during:
Walking
Standing
Running
Going up or down stairs
Pushing off the toes
Certain movements of the foot
Wearing particular shoes
Some people also experience pain after activity rather than during it.
Stiffness
Joint stiffness is another common symptom.
You may notice that your foot feels stiff:
When you first get out of bed
After sitting for a long time
At the beginning of a walk
After periods of inactivity
Swelling
An arthritic joint may become swollen, particularly after increased activity.
Reduced Range of Motion
As osteoarthritis affects a joint, its available movement may decrease.
For example, arthritis in the big toe joint can make it increasingly difficult to bend the toe upward.
Changes in Foot Shape
Some people develop bony enlargement around arthritic joints.
These changes can make certain shoes uncomfortable or create pressure points.
Osteoarthritis vs. Other Causes of Foot Pain
Not every painful foot is an arthritic foot.
Several conditions can cause symptoms that overlap with osteoarthritis, including:
Condition
Common Features
Osteoarthritis
Joint pain, stiffness, reduced motion, activity-related symptoms
Plantar fasciitis
Pain commonly felt under the heel, often worse with initial steps
Metatarsalgia
Pain around the ball of the foot
Tendon problems
Pain related to specific tendon loading or movement
Gout
Sudden, intense joint pain, redness and swelling
Stress fracture
Localized pain that may worsen with weight-bearing
Neuroma
Burning, tingling or nerve-like pain, often between the toes
Bursitis
Localized tenderness and inflammation
Inflammatory arthritis
Joint pain and stiffness that may affect multiple joints
This is why an assessment can be useful when foot pain persists or interferes with normal activities.
What Causes Osteoarthritis in the Feet?
There is rarely one single cause.
Factors associated with osteoarthritis can include:
Age-related changes
Previous injuries
Fractures
Repetitive joint loading
Joint instability
Abnormal or altered biomechanics
Previous surgery
Certain structural foot characteristics
Genetics
Body weight and overall joint loading
Other medical or musculoskeletal conditions
Importantly, developing osteoarthritis is not simply a consequence of "using your feet too much."
Many factors interact to influence joint health and symptoms.
How Is Osteoarthritis of the Foot Diagnosed?
A diagnosis begins with a history and physical examination.
A healthcare professional may assess:
Where your pain occurs
When your symptoms started
What activities make your symptoms better or worse
Joint range of motion
Joint tenderness
Swelling
Foot structure
Walking pattern
Foot and ankle strength
Footwear
How your foot loads during standing and walking
Imaging such as X-rays may sometimes be used to evaluate joint changes or rule out other problems.
Figure 2: What a Foot Assessment May Look At
A comprehensive foot assessment considers symptoms, joint movement, foot structure, gait, footwear, and functional goals before treatment options are recommended.
How Is Osteoarthritis in the Feet Treated?
There is no single treatment that works for everyone.
Treatment is generally aimed at reducing symptoms, improving function, maintaining mobility, and helping you continue activities that are important to you.
Depending on the individual, treatment may include several approaches.
1. Exercise and Movement
Exercise is an important part of osteoarthritis management.
Appropriately selected exercises can help maintain:
Joint mobility
Muscle strength
Balance
Physical function
General fitness
Research across osteoarthritis populations supports exercise as an important component of management, although the amount of evidence varies between different joints.
For foot and ankle arthritis, exercises may be selected to address the specific joint, surrounding muscles, balance, gait, and overall activity goals.
The goal is not necessarily to "exercise the arthritis away." Rather, movement can help maintain function and make everyday activities more manageable.
2. Footwear Changes
Footwear can have a significant impact on how comfortable an arthritic foot feels.
Depending on the affected joint, useful footwear characteristics may include:
Adequate toe room
A comfortable upper that does not press on bony areas
Appropriate cushioning
A stable sole
A sole that reduces excessive bending of a painful joint
A suitable heel height
Adequate width
For some people with big toe arthritis, footwear with a relatively stiff sole or rocker-style sole can reduce the amount the big toe has to bend during walking. However, footwear needs to be individualized because what helps one person may not work for another.
A footwear assessment can be particularly helpful when arthritis has changed the shape or movement of the foot.
3. Activity Modification
Having osteoarthritis does not necessarily mean giving up the activities you enjoy.
Instead, it may be helpful to modify:
Duration
Intensity
Frequency
Terrain
Footwear
Recovery time
For example, someone who develops pain after a long walk may be able to continue walking by temporarily reducing distance, incorporating rest periods, choosing a more suitable surface, and gradually increasing activity again.
The objective is to find a sustainable level of activity rather than simply avoiding movement.
4. Physical Therapy and Strengthening
A physiotherapist or other rehabilitation professional may recommend exercises based on your specific limitations.
Depending on the individual, this may include work on:
Foot and ankle strength
Calf strength
Joint mobility
Balance
Lower-limb strength
Walking mechanics
General conditioning
A rehabilitation program may be especially useful when arthritis has caused someone to become less active.
5. Padding and Pressure Relief
If arthritis has created a prominent or sensitive area, padding or other pressure-relieving strategies may help reduce irritation.
This can be particularly useful when a bony prominence rubs against footwear.
6. Custom Orthotics
Custom orthotics are another potential treatment option—but they are not automatically required for everyone with foot osteoarthritis.
A custom orthotic is designed to fit an individual's foot and can be used to influence how pressure is distributed beneath the foot or how the foot functions during standing and walking.
Depending on the person's foot structure and symptoms, an orthotic may be designed to:
Redistribute pressure away from a painful area
Provide support where appropriate
Accommodate a structural prominence
Reduce stress on particular parts of the foot
Work with the person's footwear
Help manage mechanical contributors to symptoms
How Custom Orthotics May Help
Custom orthotics are one potential component of a broader treatment plan. Their design should be based on the individual's symptoms, foot structure, footwear, activity and functional goals.
Do Orthotics Work for Everyone With Foot Arthritis?
No.
Evidence for orthotics varies depending on which joint is affected, what type of orthotic is used, and the individual's biomechanics and symptoms.
A recent 2026 review specifically discussing orthotics for first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis noted that average treatment effects in the research may be relatively small, while also highlighting that individual responses can vary considerably.
This is an important distinction: an orthotic should not be presented as a cure for osteoarthritis.
Instead, it may be useful when there is a specific mechanical or pressure-related reason for using one.
Research also shows that foot orthoses can alter lower-limb biomechanics, although their effects depend on the task and the type of orthosis used.
Custom Orthotics Are Only One Piece of the Puzzle
It can be tempting to look for one solution to osteoarthritis.
In reality, the most appropriate approach may involve several relatively simple strategies working together.
Osteoarthritis Management Chart
Treatment approach
What it may help with
Exercise
Strength, mobility, function and overall activity
Physical therapy
Movement, strength, balance and rehabilitation
Footwear changes
Comfort, pressure and joint loading
Activity modification
Managing symptoms while staying active
Padding/offloading
Local pressure and irritation
Custom orthotics
Pressure redistribution and individualized mechanical support
Weight management when appropriate
Overall joint loading and health
Pain-management strategies
Symptom control
Medical evaluation
Diagnosis, imaging and consideration of additional treatment
Surgery in selected cases
Severe symptoms or structural problems when conservative care is insufficient
Important: The appropriate combination depends on the individual. Not every person needs every treatment.
Can Osteoarthritis in the Feet Get Worse?
Osteoarthritis is a long-term condition, but symptoms do not necessarily worsen in a straight line.
People can have periods where symptoms are more noticeable and other periods where they are relatively comfortable.
Symptoms may flare after:
Increased walking
Higher-impact activities
Changes in footwear
Prolonged standing
A new injury
Changes in activity levels
Managing symptoms early can make it easier to maintain normal activity and function.
Can You Still Exercise With Foot Osteoarthritis?
In many cases, yes.
Exercise is generally an important part of osteoarthritis management.
The key is finding activities and exercise levels that are appropriate for your symptoms and physical abilities.
Depending on the person, options may include:
Walking
Cycling
Swimming
Strength training
Mobility exercises
Balance exercises
Low-impact cardiovascular exercise
If an activity consistently causes significant pain, swelling, or a prolonged increase in symptoms, it may need to be modified.
A healthcare professional can help determine an appropriate exercise approach.
When Should You Have Foot Pain Assessed?
Consider having persistent foot pain evaluated if:
Pain is interfering with walking
Your foot feels increasingly stiff
You have difficulty finding comfortable shoes
You notice swelling around a joint
Your walking pattern has changed
Pain is limiting your normal activities
Symptoms are getting progressively worse
You have had a previous foot or ankle injury
You are unsure whether your pain is actually caused by arthritis
Sudden, severe pain, significant swelling, redness or warmth, an inability to bear weight, or symptoms following a significant injury may require prompt medical assessment.
How Feet First Clinic Can Help
At Feet First Clinic, a foot assessment can help identify what may be contributing to your foot pain and how osteoarthritis is affecting your movement and daily activities.
An assessment may look at:
Your symptoms and medical history
Joint range of motion
Foot structure
Pressure-sensitive areas
Foot and ankle mechanics
Walking pattern
Footwear
Activity-related symptoms
From there, your chiropodist can discuss treatment options appropriate to your situation.
These may include footwear recommendations, exercises or referrals for rehabilitation, padding and pressure-relief strategies, and—when appropriate—custom orthotics.
Considering Custom Orthotics?
If your assessment suggests that an orthotic could be useful, Feet First Clinic can assess your feet and discuss whether a custom device makes sense for your particular symptoms.
The goal is not simply to put an orthotic in every arthritic foot. The goal is to determine whether changing how the foot is supported or loaded could be useful for you.
Custom orthotics may be particularly worth discussing when:
A specific area of the foot is consistently overloaded
Foot structure contributes to symptoms
A painful joint needs additional offloading
Footwear alone is not providing enough support or comfort
You have biomechanical factors that may be contributing to your symptoms
A custom orthotic can also be considered as part of a broader plan that includes appropriate footwear, exercise, activity modification and other treatments.
Experiencing foot pain or stiffness that may be related to osteoarthritis? Book a foot assessment at Feet First Clinic to have your symptoms, foot mechanics and footwear evaluated and discuss treatment options that may be appropriate for you.
Frequently Asked Questions About Osteoarthritis of the Feet
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis in the feet?
Common symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced range of motion, tenderness and difficulty walking. Symptoms often become more noticeable with activities that load the affected joint.
What part of the foot is most commonly affected by osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis can affect several foot and ankle joints. The big toe joint and midfoot are common areas of concern, while the ankle can also develop osteoarthritis, particularly after previous injury.
Can osteoarthritis cause pain on the top of the foot?
Yes. Osteoarthritis affecting joints in the midfoot can cause pain, stiffness or tenderness across the top of the foot. A bony prominence may also develop and become irritated by footwear.
Can osteoarthritis cause big toe pain?
Yes. Osteoarthritis of the big toe joint can cause pain, stiffness and reduced movement. This is commonly associated with hallux rigidus.
Can you walk with osteoarthritis in your feet?
Many people with foot osteoarthritis continue to walk and remain active. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, maintaining mobility and finding ways to make activity more comfortable.
Are orthotics good for foot osteoarthritis?
Orthotics may help some people, particularly when there is a specific pressure or mechanical factor that can be addressed with an orthotic. However, orthotics do not work for everyone and are not a cure for osteoarthritis. Evidence varies depending on the joint affected and the type of orthotic used.
Can custom orthotics cure osteoarthritis?
No. Custom orthotics do not reverse or cure osteoarthritis. They may help manage symptoms by changing pressure distribution or supporting particular aspects of foot mechanics in appropriately selected patients.
What shoes are best for foot osteoarthritis?
The best shoe depends on which joint is affected, your foot shape and your symptoms. Features that may help include adequate toe room, appropriate cushioning, a comfortable upper and a sole that does not aggravate the painful joint. Some people with big toe arthritis may find a stiffer or rocker-style sole more comfortable.
Should I stop exercising if I have osteoarthritis in my feet?
Not necessarily. Exercise is an important part of osteoarthritis management. The type and amount of exercise may need to be modified based on symptoms and physical ability.
Does osteoarthritis in the feet get worse with age?
Age is one risk factor for osteoarthritis, but symptoms do not necessarily progress at the same rate in everyone. Previous injuries, joint structure, activity, body weight and other factors can influence symptoms and joint health.
Do I need an X-ray to diagnose foot osteoarthritis?
Not always. A clinical assessment can provide important information. Imaging may be recommended when a healthcare professional needs to investigate joint changes, confirm a diagnosis or rule out another condition.
When should I see a chiropodist for foot arthritis?
Consider a foot assessment if persistent pain or stiffness is affecting your walking, activities or footwear, or if you are unsure what is causing your symptoms. A chiropodist can assess the foot and discuss appropriate conservative treatment options.
The Bottom Line
Osteoarthritis can affect the feet in several ways, from painful and stiff big toe joints to midfoot or ankle pain that makes walking more difficult.
There is no single "best" treatment for everyone.
A balanced approach may include exercise, appropriate footwear, activity modification, rehabilitation, pressure relief, pain-management strategies and, for some people, custom orthotics.
The most useful treatment plan is one that matches the affected joint, your symptoms, your foot mechanics and the activities you want to continue doing.
If foot pain or stiffness is affecting your everyday life, a foot assessment at Feet First Clinic can help determine what may be contributing to your symptoms and whether options such as footwear changes, custom orthotics or other conservative treatments may be appropriate.
Book a foot assessment with Feet First Clinic to better understand your foot pain and explore treatment options tailored to you.
September 24, 2026
A bone spur is an abnormal bone growth.
Bone spurs, also referred to as osteophytes, can occur throughout the body, and along bone edges. Common sites include the spine, neck, and in the foot, specifically in the heel and toes.
What is a bone spur?
An osteophyte is a bony outgrowth that forms along the edges where bones meet in a joint. It typically develops in response to joint damage, often as part of the body’s attempt to repair itself. In some cases, a bone spur may appear as a hard, noticeable bump. In other instances, it may not be visible at all and is only detected through imaging.
What can cause a bone spur?
Osteophytes form as part of the body’s attempt to repair and stabilize a joint, usually in response to underlying joint stress or damage.
A common cause is osteoarthritis, the most frequent type of arthritis, which occurs when the cartilage between bones gradually wears down. Since cartilage does not regenerate well, joint changes can progress over time if not managed appropriately.
In response to this degeneration, the body may produce extra bone along the joint margins, leading to the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs). Contributing factors can include repetitive overuse (such as running, ballet, or other high-impact activities), previous acute injury, excess body weight, and poorly fitting or restrictive footwear.
Over time, ongoing stress on the joint can lead to further structural changes, as the body attempts to compensate and provide added stability.
Symptoms
Symptoms of osteophytes can include pain, stiffness, tenderness, reduced flexibility, swelling, and a grating sensation in the joint. In some cases, a bony bump may also be visible or felt under the skin.
As joint mobility decreases, you may notice a reduced range of motion, along with discomfort caused by surrounding tissue irritation and inflammation. The grating sensation (crepitus) can occur when joint surfaces become uneven and move against each other.
These symptoms are more common in individuals who place repetitive stress on their joints, such as athletes involved in high-impact activities like running, gymnastics, or ballet, as well as older adults. Symptoms may progress over time if the underlying cause is not addressed, and people can experience a combination of these issues.
For example, a heel spur may present as discomfort on the underside of the foot, sometimes with a noticeable bony prominence. Spurs in the toes or metatarsals may lead to a bump on the top of the foot and irritation with footwear. In some cases, shoe modifications may be needed to accommodate the changes.
Treatment
Treatment isn't always necessary, since a bone spur may not cause you any pain or reduce your quality of life.
If you experience pain, visit a professional for a biomechanical assessment to get a proper diagnosis and treatment. It should be noted that you cannot remove the bone spur without surgery. But, if you fix the problem at its root, and take certain precautionary steps, bone spurs won't necessarily be painful, and surgery won't be necessary. In any case, surgery is a short-term solution as a bone spur can re-develop.
Treatment for a bone spur focuses on reducing pain, improving joint function, and addressing the underlying cause—rather than removing the spur itself in most cases.
Conservative options are usually tried first. These may include rest and activity modification to reduce stress on the affected joint, along with supportive footwear or orthotics to improve alignment and offload pressure. Anti-inflammatory treatments such as ice, over-the-counter pain relief, or topical medications can also help manage discomfort.
Physiotherapy or stretching programs may be recommended to improve mobility and strengthen surrounding muscles, which can reduce strain on the joint. In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be used to reduce inflammation and pain.
If symptoms are severe or persistent despite conservative care, medical imaging may be used to assess the extent of the condition. Surgery is typically considered only when all other treatments have failed and the bone spur is significantly affecting function or quality of life.
If you do require surgery, the course of action is to either remove the bone spur entirely or to fuse the bones together. Recovery time can vary, and as always, it’s best to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis.
Prevention of bone spurs
To prevent bone spurs, in essence, you want to reduce your risk of osteoarthritis. This mainly involves reducing long-term stress and wear on your joints and addressing early signs of joint irritation before they progress.
Staying active in a balanced way can help—low-impact exercise, proper warm-ups, and avoiding repetitive overloading of the same joints all reduce strain over time. Maintaining a healthy weight also helps decrease pressure on weight-bearing joints like the feet, ankles, and knees.
Footwear plays a key role, especially for foot and ankle spurs. Supportive shoes with good cushioning and proper fit can help reduce abnormal pressure and friction. You can find out the footwear best suited for your foot type by visiting a specialist like a chiropodist. In some cases, orthotics may be recommended to improve alignment and distribute forces more evenly.
Flexibility and strength exercises can also help protect joints by improving movement mechanics and reducing compensatory strain. Finally, addressing minor injuries early—rather than pushing through pain—can help prevent ongoing irritation that may contribute to spur formation over time.
July 16, 2026
If you've experienced foot pain for some time or have a trauma injury, surgery has likely come to mind.
Surgery is a treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or manipulation. Surgery is quite common for foot injuries and is done as a restorative measure.
Because of its invasive nature, considering the positives and negatives of surgery is important. You should not only weigh the direct impact of surgery but also the long-term effects.
There are several factors to consider when deciding on foot surgery:
Necessity
Success rate
Cost
Recovery time
Long-term effectiveness
With these in mind, you should take into account the positives and negatives of both. Does the recovery time justify getting surgery, for example? How about the long-term effectiveness of the surgery?
Below, we get into the case for, and against, foot surgery.
When is Foot Surgery Necessary?
Some foot conditions require surgery. You should explore all non-surgical options and physical therapy before foot surgery.
Certain foot conditions are progressive and are unlikely to get better without surgery. In these instances, one can consider surgery to improve their quality of life. A few examples of progressive foot conditions include severe bunions, rigid hammertoes, advanced arthritis (hallux rigidus). However, long before surgery is even considered, there are several conservative treatments that can slow down the progress and relieve pain.
That doesn't mean you can't live comfortably with the condition. Investing in proper shoes, doing physical therapy, and avoiding certain activities may relieve pain.
In the instance of hallux rigidus, you can maintain a high quality of life through physical therapy, proper orthotics, avoiding high-impact exercise, and working on flexibility. It's important to work on maintaining the range of motion in the toe. You can't get back more flexibility, but you can work to maintain the flexibility that you have. The bone spur will only continue to grow over time if excessive force or impact is placed upon the joint. However, since the osteoarthritis that breaks down the cartilage won't be able to recover, the resulting bone spur will likely grow over time, further limiting the range of motion.
Some people opt for a cheilectomy, which is an incision along the top of the toe to shave down a Bone Spur. In other cases, people opt for a fusion, which connects the first metatarsal with the phalanx. The connecting of the two bones fuses the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP joints).
For those with a bunion, you'll want to explore all non-invasive measures before deciding on surgery. If you have explored all options, surgery may be an option. Typically, those who experience significant pain, have severe toe deformities, and have chronic inflammation are the likely candidates for surgery. Bunion surgery (of which there are a few) can include several correct measures:
Realigning the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe.
Pain relief.
Correcting the deformity of the bones, especially if your big toe is drifting inwards towards your second metatarsal.
Another example is rigid hammertoes. When the toes start to drift, grip or claw because of excessive misalignment of the big toe (bunion) or the entire foot itself (flat feet). It is always imperative to start with conservative treatment options such as silicone toe crutches, orthotics, metatarsal pads, and wearing the proper sized shoes width and length. If pain persists and the hammer toes progress and further deviate, then surgery is recommended. For flexible hammertoes, the most common surgery is Tendon lengthening which releases the pull under the toe. For more rigid hammertoes, joint resection is recommended, which is the removal of the end of the bone to allow for more range of motion. If the joints have too much arthritis, joint fusion is recommended to fuse the bones together and create a straight toe.
When is Foot Surgery Not Necessary?
Generally, you can treat foot conditions without operational procedures. The body is incredibly resilient when it comes to injuries, and many foot conditions can be treated with a proper plan.
Surgery is usually seen as a last resort because there is significant rest needed afterwards, the occasional complication, and sometimes nerve damage. Surgery can also be expensive if it's not covered under provincial or private insurance. Finally, surgery might fix the obvious problem, but may not solve the underlying issue. This means that the foot condition may return in the future.
For the examples mentioned above - hallux rigidus, bunions, and hammertoes - all have recommended treatment options that don't involve surgery. Working with a foot professional to determine the underlying cause, like a muscle imbalance, for example, can help treat the resulting condition, and can be better for your body in the long run. This can be done through a foot assessment by a chiropodist, complete with a biomechanical and gait analysis.
Surgery also can take weeks, if not months to recover from. Make sure to incorporate several weeks of recovery into the discussion when considering foot surgery. Recovery time may otherwise be used to build a habit of incorporating physical therapy into your routine. Consider the opportunity cost of the severity of the surgery as well as the recovery time.
For most foot conditions, there are a number of treatment options you should consider including:
Rest
Icing/compression
Strength-training
Custom orthotics
Proper footwear
Physiotherapy
Over-the-counter footwear products like Bunion Aligners
Any number of these treatment options may be able to provide the relief you need. Remember, you might not see results right away. In some cases, incorporating these treatments may take weeks, if not months, to result in meaningful change. However, those habits will continue to benefit you for the rest of your life.
There's no hard and fast rule for in cases for and against surgery. Always consult a medical professional when deciding upon the best course of action, and see if foot surgery is recommended.
April 23, 2026
Did you know that your knees absorb about one-and-a-half times your body weight every step?
As the largest joint in our body, our knees are essential to the overall health of our bodies. Knees act as a hinge joint and permits flexion and extension. Additionally, the knee helps allow for side-to-side rotation. Knees allow us to perform horizontal movements, like running or walking, and vertically, like jumping.
Because of our reliance on knees, and its complexity, they're often the source of many foot conditions, either directly or indirectly. As the gateway between our thighs and lower legs, all muscles run through, or adjacent to the knee, meaning prevention is absolutely necessary for overall leg health.
If you do experience pain, below are some reasons for why your knee hurts:
Common conditions
Your Knee Hurts Because...Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Patellofemoral pain syndrome, also known as runner's knee, is the most common knee injury. Considering its nickname, it should come as no surprise that many runners and athletes experience patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a relatively broad term for any pain in the front of your knee. The main symptom is pain felt in front of the knee and around the kneecap.
The following activities may trigger pain:
Walking up or downstairs
Kneeling or squatting
Sitting with a bent knee for long periods of time
There are a number of causes for patellofemoral pain syndrome including:
Overuse. Repetitive activity can cause irritation under the kneecap. Running for extended periods of time, or through pain, is one common cause. Sports that involve a log of jumping can also cause patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Muscle imbalances or weaknesses. Muscular imbalances of the hips or knees can cause overcompensation and undue stress on your knees. Weakness in the hips will cause the knees to take on more load and be prone to more injury.
Note that causes may also include acute injuries such as trauma or surgery.
Fortunately, treatment for runners knee can, for the most part, be done at home. Following the PEACE & LOVE method can be effective in keeping inflammation down and allowing your muscles to recover. PEACE & LOVE is a modern approach to managing soft tissue injuries that emphasizes both immediate care and long-term rehabilitation. PEACE—Protect, Elevate, Avoid anti-inflammatories, Compress, and Educate—applies in the first few days after injury to control swelling and protect the tissue while supporting natural healing. LOVE—Load, Optimism, Vascularization, and Exercise—guides the rehabilitation phase, encouraging gradual loading of the tissue, maintaining a positive mindset, improving blood flow through movement, and progressively strengthening the injured area to restore full function and prevent re-injury.
You can also try using a knee brace if you feel like your knee is not getting proper support.
In terms of prevention, there are a number of steps you can take:
Strength training. Keeping your muscles that surround the knees strong is crucial. Ensure you perform each strength exercise slowly and with proper form. Otherwise, your knee will compensate for poor form, which can cause pain and lead to injury.
Return from injury slowly. Now that you've rehabilitated, you're ready to return to activity. But, your body may not be 100% ready to return to pre-injury form right away. Build up slowly, and make continuous checks of your knee to ensure you improve gradually. If you're returning to running, follow the 10% rule which states that you should not increase your weekly mileage by more than 10% per week.
Find the right shoes. Research the type of shoes you need for your foot type. You may be better off with motion control or stability shoes, or neutral cushioned shoes might be best. If you have any doubt, visit the clinic for a full gait analysis and we'll put you into proper footwear.
Warm-up. Perform dynamic stretches and light exercises before you exercise so your muscles are warmed up, and firing properly. Cold muscles can lead to poor form, and compensating in areas.
Your Knee Hurts Because...Patellar tendonitis
Patellar tendonitis is a common injury for why your knee hurts that affects the patellar tendon, the tendon that connects your kneecap to the shin bone. The tendon allows the knee to straighten and is crucial for movement and stability. Symptoms include pain and swelling under the kneecap, pain during activity or when rising from a squat.
As with many knee injuries, patellar tendonitis is often seen among runners, and pain can worsen when using stairs, excessive use, and sitting for long periods of time. Approximately 25% of knee injuries are diagnosed as patellar tendinitis.
The following symptoms can be a sign of patellar tendonitis:
Pain under the kneecap
Inflammation and tenderness in the front of the knee
Difficulty walking or doing sports activities
Difficulty climbing or descending stairs
Pain when bending the knee
Common causes of patellar tendonitis include:
Trauma
Increased training
Weak quadriceps muscles
To treat tendonitis:
Follow the PEACE & LOVE method (above) for rehabilitation - do not ice the injury.
If you're a runner, cross-train by swimming, cycling, or using the elliptical to reduce the load on the tendon
Seek medical advice
Like many knee injuries, preventative methods include:
Strength training
Stretching your quads and hamstrings to reduce the pressure on the knee, and the patellar tendon
Foam rolling
Your Knee Hurts Because...IT Band Syndrome
IT Band syndrome (short for Illiotibial band syndrome) is a common knee injury characterized by inflammation and friction of the IT band. The IT band runs along the outside of the thigh from the hip to the knee and is crucial as a stabilizer for the knee. Symptoms include:
Pain on the outside of the knee, which can shoot up the thigh
Click or popping felt around the outer knee
Initially pain is felt after activity, but later can occur during activity.
IT band syndrome arises out of overuse as the band crosses back and forth. This injury is particularly prominent in:
Long-distance running
Those who have increased hip internal rotation and knee adduction
Cycling
Weight-lifting
Although the IT band extends the entirety of the leg, pain is typically felt most common on the outside of the knee, and around 30 degrees of knee flexion.
IT band syndrome, although one of the most common running injuries, can be treated with physical therapy, as well as PEACE & LOVE (PEACE - Protect, Elevate, Avoid anti-inflammatories, Compress, and Educate—applies in the first few days after injury to control swelling and protect the tissue while supporting natural healing. LOVE—Load, Optimism, Vascularization, and Exercise—guides the rehabilitation phase).
Try the following preventative and treatment methods to keep IT band syndrome at bay:
Anti-inflammatories
PEACE & LOVE: Protect, Elevate, Avoid anti-inflammatories, Compress, Educate & Load, Optimism, Vascularization, Exercise
Foam rolling: self-massage your IT band by applying pressure to it with foam rolling. Avoid directly foam rolling the IT band as it can aggravate or worsen symptoms. Target foam rolling the surrounding muscles, such as the glutes, Tensor Fascia Lata and quads. Use a foam roller 3x daily for around 3-5 minutes. Read more in our complete foam rolling guide.
Stretching: Focus on stretching the hips, glutes and thighs.
Strength training: The most crucial step is to focus on strengthening the gluteus medius muscles to prevent the hips from collapsing inwards. You can target these areas by using a resistance band and performing some of these daily foot exercises.
Your Knee Hurts Because...Osteoarthritis
Knees are susceptible to osteoarthritis, a type of joint disease that results from cartilage breakdown between bones. Osteoarthritis (OA) is often known as wear-and tear arthritis as its associated with overuse. The knees are susceptible to OA because the cartilage between the bones of the knee joint will wear out over time and use.
You may be at higher risk of osteoarthritis if you fall into any of the following categories:
Age: many people 70+ have osteoarthritis
Sex: women are more likely than men to suffer from OA, especially in the knees.
Previous trauma: joint injury can change joint alignment and cause more overuse in certain areas
Weight: increased weight will increase the load on the joints, causing the earlier onset of osteoarthritis.
Biomechanics: deviations in the knee joints can cause excess wear on certain joint areas, for example, genu valgum (knees come inwards) and genu varum (knees going outward).
As osteoarthritis is a progressive disease, the effects will likely worsen over the years. But, that doesn't mean you cannot delay the onset of pain.
Some common treatment options include:
Physical activity: light activity keeps joints and muscles lubricated. If impact sports aggravates your injury, try swimming or another form of non-weight-bearing activity.
Anti-inflammatories
Soft surfaces: running on grass or on the treadmill can lessen the load of sports
WebMD has a useful self-assessment tool that can offer a glimpse into why your knee may be hurting. Of course, use the tool only for reference, and do not take it as medical advice.
May 29, 2025
When you think of dehydration, you probably imagine symptoms like dry mouth, fatigue, or dizziness, but what about your feet? It may surprise you to learn that dehydration can directly contribute to foot pain, cramping, and even swelling. Since your feet are at the farthest point from your heart, they rely heavily on healthy circulation and fluid balance to function properly.
Let’s take a look at how your water intake affects your fee and why staying hydrated is more important than you might think.
1. Dehydration and Foot Cramps
If you’ve ever woken up in the middle of the night with a painful foot cramp, dehydration might be the culprit. Proper hydration is essential for normal muscle function. Without enough fluids, your muscle (especially in your feet and calves) can tighten up unexpectedly.
Cramps often occur when your body is low on essential electrolytes like potassium, magnesium, and sodium, which are lost through sweat. Since water helps regulate these minerals, not drinking enough can increase your risk of sudden, painful cramps in the feet.
2. Hydration Supports Circulation in the Feet
Good circulation is critical for healthy feet. Water plays a major role in keeping your blood flowing efficiently. When you’re dehydrated, your blood volume decreases, making it harder for your heart to pump blood to the extremities—including your feet.
Poor circulation can lead to sensations of numbness, tingling, or a “pins and needles” feeling in your feet. In more severe cases, chronic dehydration could contribute to long-term circulatory problems that make foot pain worse over time.
3. Water Helps Lubricate Joints and Reduce Pain
Your feet contain more than 30 joints, all of which rely on synovial fluid for smooth, pain-free movement. Dehydration reduces your body’s ability to produce this fluid, leading to stiff, achy joints—especially in people with arthritis or other joint conditions.
Drinking enough water each day can help reduce joint discomfort and improve mobility in your feet and ankles.
4. Is Water Retention the Opposite Problem?
Interestingly, dehydration can also lead to swollen feet—but not for the reason you might think. When your body senses it's not getting enough water, it holds onto the fluids it does have. This can result in swelling (also known as water retention) in the feet, ankles, and lower legs.
Staying properly hydrated signals your body that it can safely release excess fluids, helping to reduce swelling and bloating in the feet.
5. Tips to Keep Your Feet (and the Rest of You) Hydrated
Aim for 8–10 glasses of water per day, and more if you're physically active or it's hot outside.
Avoid too much caffeine or alcohol, as these can dehydrate your body.
Eat water-rich foods like cucumbers, oranges, and watermelon.
Listen to your body—if you're feeling thirsty, you're likely already slightly dehydrated.
When to Seek Help
If you’re experiencing regular foot pain, cramping, or swelling—especially if increasing your water intake doesn’t help—it’s time to speak with a foot care specialist. At Feet First Clinic, our chiropodists can assess the cause of your symptoms and recommend personalized treatment options to get you back on your feet comfortably.
Final Thoughts
Dehydration doesn’t just leave you feeling tired—it can seriously impact your foot health. From muscle cramps to water retention, the way you hydrate has a direct effect on how your feet feel and function.
So next time your feet are aching or swollen, take a moment to consider your water intake. A simple increase in hydration might be the first step toward relief.
